Papers of David Gregory

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David Gregory (1659-1708), astronomer and mathematician, was the first university professor to teach astronomy in the language of Newtonian gravitation. He is famous for his influential textbook, Astronomiae Physicae et Geometricae Elementa, (1702). Having studied a while at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and without graduating, Gregory took the Mathematics Chair at Edinburgh University in 1683, by unseating the incumbent there in a series of public debates. It helped that the chair had been occupied briefly some years before by his esteemed uncle, James Gregorie (1638-1675). David was awarded a hasty MA for decorum's sake, even though he had never studied in Edinburgh, and taught for seven years. His lecture notes show that he covered a broad range of subjects, some of them not in mathematics. He also taught a little optics, mechanics, hydrostatics, and even anatomy, from Galen. His first significant publication was in 1684, the Exercitatio geometrica de dimensione figurarum , in which he extended his uncle's work on the method of quadratures by infinite series.

In 1689 there sprang bad blood between the university masters and their paymasters, the city council, initially having to do with pay cuts and treacherous electioneering. There quickly developed a web of sleights and grudges, in the course of which Gregory was libelled before the new Hanoverian committee of visitation as it toured all the Scottish educational bodies following the recent change of government. He was said to be a violent, drunken atheist, who kept women in his chambers and once visited a prisoner in the Canongate tollbooth; worse, he was a superficial teacher and a crypto-Cartesian. Surrounded by influential friends, and not holding any demonstrably radical views in politics, science, or deportment, he was finally not dismissed from the faculty as many of his colleagues were, nor even required to swear the oath of allegiance to the Hanoverian monarchy or the religious Confession of Faith either.

Yet by 1691 he saw fit to cadge a fresh appointment comfortably far away, in Oxford. This was the Savilian Chair of Astronomy. In its pursuit he came to know personally the figures with whom he had lately been in professional correspondence, like Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Edmond Halley (1656-1742), and John Flamsteed (1646-1719), the first Astronomer Royal. He was given another MA to suit the post, and a desultory MD; he was elected to the Royal Society, and appointed a master commoner of Balliol College. He spent the rest of his life as Savilian Professor, where he became something of an evangelist for Newtonian science among the Cartesians. He even troubled to travel to the continent, to exchange views with prominent colleagues like Jan Hudde (1628-1704) and Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695). He quarrelled occasionally with Newton and Halley over various points of research, and with Flamsteed over tutoring maths in the Duke of Gloucester's household, but generally carried on very productively.

His Edinburgh lectures he retooled by 1695 into the enduringly influential optics textbook, Catoptricae et dioptricae sphaericae elementa, whose special contribution was to propose an achromatic telescope, whose combined lenses ought to counteract colour aberrations. By 1702 his principle work went to press, the remarkable Astronomiae physicae et geometricae elementa. This was the first textbook to cast astronomy completely in the alloy of Newtonian gravitational principles. Newton himself assisted with the work, which at least one publisher immodestly declared would 'last as long as the sun and the moon'. It certainly lasted most of the eighteenth century. His final big publication was a joint edition of Euclid, which appeared in 1703. All through his career he complemented his monographs with a steady flow of journal articles and published correspondence in mathematics and astronomy; his special interests included the catenary curve, eclipses, the contemporary 'parallax problem', and the very famous Cassinian orbital model for heavenly bodies.

Late in his life, in 1707, the Act of Union between Scotland and England effectively ended Gregory's studies, calling him away from his work on an edition of Apollonius (eventually finished by Halley), and setting him to work instead on rationalising the Scottish Mint, even as Newton was doing at the London Mint, and on calculating the enormously complex 'Equivalent', a payment to Scotland to offset new customs and excise duties. His health failed him during his extensive official travelling. David Gregory died in a Maidenhead inn a year later.

David Gregory was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1692 and was made honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1705.

The papers of David Gregory consist of:

• bound manuscripts of mathematical and personal papers by both David Gregory and James Gregory
• bound manuscripts Lectiones Mechanicae Sive Geometria de Motu parts 1-4 (1689-1690)
• bound manuscripts of treatises on mathematics and astronomy (1683-1694)
• bound manuscripts Notae in Isaaci Newtoni Principia Philosophiae, ( 1693)
• notes of Gregory's lectures taken by F Pringle at Oxford (1694-1695)
• bound manuscripts Trigonometria Planorum, Geoetria Practica, Astronomia and Geometria de Motu, (1705)dictated by James Gregory
• letters from Archibald Pitcairne (1652-1713)

• Achromatic Telescope
• Astronomy
• Astrophysics
• Celestial Mechanics
• Dynamics
• Geodesy
• Geodetic Astronomy
• Geometry, Elemental
• Gravity
• Lunar Theory
• Mathematics
• Numerical Integration
• Optics
• Philosophy
• Quadratures

• Flamsteed | John | 1646-1719 | 1st astronomer royal
• George | 1653-1708 | Prince of Denmark
• Gregory | David | 1659-1708 | professor of mathematics University of Edinburgh, and Savilian Professor of Astronomy at University of Oxford
• Gregory | James | 1638-1675 | professor of mathematics, University of Edinburgh
• Newton | Sir | Isaac | 1642-1727 | natural philosopher, mathematician and astronomer
• William | 1689-1700 | Duke of Gloucester | son of Prince George of Denmark

• Marischal College | 1593-1858 | higher education institution | Aberdeen (Scotland)
• Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | 1681-: | scientific society | Edinburgh (Scotland)
• Royal Society | c1645-: | scientific society | London (England)
• University of Edinburgh | 1583-: | university | Edinburgh (Scotland)
• University of Oxford | Balliol College | 1263-: | university college | Oxford (England)